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Knowledge (band)
Knowledge were a Jamaican roots reggae group, best known for their work in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which saw them sign to A&M Records.
==History==
The group formed in the Rema area of Kingston, in 1974, the line-up including Anthony Doyley (lead vocals and main songwriter), Delroy Fowlin (vocals) aka Bronco Knowledge, Earl MacFarlane (vocals), Michael Smith (guitar), and Michael Samuels (vocals).〔Anderson, Rick "(''Straight Outta Trenchtown: 1975-1980'' Review )", ''Allmusic'', Macrovision Corporation〕 Doyley had previously been a member of The Classics, who had recorded for Lee "Scratch" Perry in the late 1960s.〔 Paul Freeman joined the group later in their career.〔Larkin, Colin (1998) "The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae", Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0242-9〕 They recorded for deejay and producer Tapper Zukie, first on the "Make Faith" single, with several releases on his "Stars" label.〔 These led to a major label deal with A&M, who issued the group's debut album, ''Hail Dread'' (produced by Zukie), in 1978.〔 The deal with A&M proved to be short-lived, with the group's second album, ''Judgement'', issued on the Roach label in 1980. Samuels subsequently embarked on a solo career, and Freeman set up his own 'Sunshine' label, along with Trevor "Leggo Beast" Douglas.〔
In the early 1980s, the group worked with producer Roy Cousins, achieving reggae hits with "Na Buy Apartheid", "Chant Rasta Man", and "Fire Burn" on Cousins' Tamoki-Wambesi label.〔 They used musicians including keyboard player Pablove Black, Winston Wright, Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace, and Sowell Radics. Magnus Skeen (vocals) joined the group during this time to replace a member who had left the group earlier. These recordings were collected on the ''Stumbling Block'' album in 1982.〔〔(''Stumbling Block'' ) at ''Roots Archives''〕
Three members of the group were murdered throughout the group's tenure, the last member killed was Magnus Skeen on 22 May 2002. The group split up, with Doyley emigrating to England.〔McNair, James (2006) "Knowledge - Stumbling Block", ''MOJO'', Issues 146-8〕 He died on 26 February 2011, aged 55.〔"(Anthony Doyley has passed away )", Reggae-Vibes.com, retrieved 2011-04-03〕 Delroy Fowlin also emigrated to England in 2001, and released his own albums, ''Tell Me Something'' and ''More Knowledge for the People''; he now sings in the streets of Toulouse (France).〔(''Bronco Knowledge, du reggae dans les rues toulousaines'' ), on lemonde.fr〕 Michael Smith migrated to England in May 2002 where he still resides.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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